China yave simba repasi rose, asi pane gakava shoma pamusoro pekuti zvakaitika sei uye zvazvinoreva.Vazhinji vanotenda kuti China iri kuendesa kunze modhi yayo yekusimudzira uye kuimanikidza kune dzimwe nyika.Asi makambani ekuChina ari kuwedzerawo huvepo hwavo nekubatana nevatambi venzvimbo uye masangano, kugadzirisa uye kutora mafomu emuno uye echinyakare, tsika nemaitiro.
Nekuda kwemakore akawanda erupo rwemari kubva kuFord Carnegie Foundation, inoshanda munzvimbo nomwe dzepasirese-Africa, Central Asia, Latin America, Middle East neNorth Africa, Pacific, South Asia, uye Southeast Asia.Kuburikidza nemusanganiswa wekutsvagisa uye nemisangano yakarongeka, chirongwa ichi chinoongorora masimba akaomesesa aya, anosanganisira kuti makambani ekuChina ari kuchinjika sei kumitemo yebasa yemuno muLatin America, uye kuti mabhanga eChinese nemari dziri kuongorora sei mari yechinyakare yechiIslam uye zvigadzirwa zvechikwereti muSoutheast Asia neCentral Asia. .Vatambi vekuMabvazuva, uye vekuChina vanobatsira vashandi veko kuvandudza hunyanzvi hwavo muCentral Asia.Aya maitiro anochinja eChina, anochinjika uye anoshanda muchokwadi chenzvimbo, anonyanya kufuratirwa nevezvematongerwo enyika vekuMadokero.
Pakupedzisira, chirongwa ichi chine chinangwa chekuwedzera zvakanyanya kunzwisisa uye nhaurirano yebasa reChina munyika uye kugadzira mazano ezvematongerwo enyika.Izvi zvinogona kubvumira vatambi vemuno kuti vagadzirise simba reChina kutsigira nharaunda nehupfumi hwavo, kupa zvidzidzo zvekudyidzana kweWestern pasi rose, kunyanya munyika dzichiri kusimukira, kubatsira vezvematongerwo enyika veChina kudzidza kubva mukusiyana kwekudzidza kubva kuChina, uye pamwe kuderedza. kukakavara.
Hurukuro dzebhizinesi pakati peBenin neChina dzinoratidza kuti mativi ese ari maviri angafambise sei hukama hwebhizinesi muChina neAfrica.MuBenin, vakuru veChinese nevemuno vakaita nhaurirano dzenguva refu pamusoro pechibvumirano chekumisa nzvimbo yekutengeserana ine chinangwa chekudzamisa hukama hwebhizinesi pakati pevanamuzvinabhizinesi vekuChina neBenin.Yakarongeka iri muCotonou, iro guta guru rehupfumi reBenin, nzvimbo iyi ine chinangwa chekusimudzira mari uye bhizinesi rekutengesa, kushanda sepakati pehukama hwebhizinesi reChinese kwete muBenin chete, asiwo mudunhu reWest Africa, kunyanya munzvimbo yakakura uye inokura. yemusika wakavakidzana neNigeria.
Ichi chinyorwa chakavakirwa patsvakiridzo yepakutanga uye basa remumunda rakaitwa muBenin kubva 2015 kusvika 2021, pamwe chete nemadhirowa uye zvibvumirano zvekupedzisira zvakakurukurwa nevanyori, zvichibvumira kuenzanirana kwekuenzanisa magwaro ekuongorora, pamwe nekubvunzurudza kwepamberi nekutevera.-kumusoro.Hurukuro nevanotungamira nhaurirano, mabhizinesi eBeninese uye vaimbove vadzidzi veBeninese muChina.Gwaro iri rinoratidza matauriro akaita zviremera zveChinese neBenin nezvekugadzwa kwenzvimbo iyi, kunyanya magadzirirwo akaitwa vakuru vakuru veBenin nevanotaurirana vekuChina kune vemunharaunda yeBenin yebasa, kuvaka uye mirau yemutemo uye kumanikidza vamwe vavo vekuChina.
Zano iri raireva kuti nhaurirano dzakatora nguva yakareba kupfuura nguva dzose.Kudyidzana pakati peChina neAfrica kunowanzo onekwa nekukurumidzira nhaurirano, nzira yakaratidza kuva inokuvadza mune dzimwe nguva sezvo ichigona kutungamirira kumashoko asina kujeka uye asina kunaka muchibvumirano chekupedzisira.Nhaurirano kuBenin China Business Center muenzaniso wakanaka wekuti vanotaurirana vakarongeka sei vanogona kutora nguva yekushanda vachibatana nemadhipatimendi akasiyana ehurumende uye vanogona kubatsira kuwana mhedzisiro iri nani maererano nemhando yepamusoro zvivakwa uye kutevedzera zviripo chivakwa, basa, zvakatipoteredza. uye mitemo yebhizimisi.uye kuchengetedza hukama hwakanaka pakati penyika mbiri neChina.
Zvidzidzo zvehukama hwekutengeserana pakati pevatambi veChinese neveAfrica vasiri vehurumende, vakaita sevatengesi, vatengesi nevashambadzi, vanowanzotarisa kuti makambani ekuChina nevatorwa vanopinza sei zvinhu uye zvinhu uye kukwikwidzana nemabhizinesi emuno emuAfrica.Asi kune "kufanana" kwehukama hwebhizinesi reSino-Africa nekuti, sekutaura kwakaita Giles Mohan naBen Lambert, "hurumende zhinji dzeAfrica dzinoona China semubatsiri angangoita mubato mukusimudzira hupfumi uye kutonga zviri pamutemo.tarisai China senzvimbo inobatsira yezviwanikwa zvebudiriro yemunhu nebhizimisi.”1 Kuvepo kwezvinhu zveChina muAfrica kuri kuwedzerawo, zvimwe zvichikonzerwa nekuti vatengesi vemuAfrica vanotenga zvinhu kubva kuChina zvinotengeswa munyika dzemuAfrica.
Ukama hwebhizimisi uhwu, kunyanya munyika yeWest Africa yeBenin, hunodzidzisa zvikuru.Pakati pemakore ekuma2000, vakuru vakuru venzvimbo muChina neBenin vakataurirana nezvekugadzwa kwenzvimbo yehupfumi nekusimudzira (inozivikanwa munharaunda iyi senzvimbo yekutengeserana) ine chinangwa chekusimudzira hukama hwehupfumi nekutengeserana pakati pemapato maviri aya nekupa huwandu hwemabasa ekufambisa kutengeserana, zviitiko. .budiriro nemamwe masevhisi ane hukama.Iyo Center zvakare inotsvaga kubatsira kugadzirisa hukama hwebhizinesi pakati peBenin neChina, ayo anonyanya kuve asina kurongeka kana semi-formal.Iri muCotonou, nzvimbo huru yehupfumi yeBenin, padyo nechiteshi chezvikepe cheguta, nzvimbo iyi ine chinangwa chekushandira mabhizinesi eChinese muBenin uye neWest Africa yese, kunyanya mumusika mukuru uye uri kukura wenyika dzakavakidzana.Kukurudzira kukura kwekudyara uye bhizinesi rekutengesa.muNigeria.
Chirevo ichi chinoongorora kuti zviremera zveChinese neBenin zvakataurirana sei mazwi ekuvhurwa kweCentre uye, kunyanya, kuti zviremera zveBenin zvakachinja sei vatauri veChinese kuvashandi vemunharaunda, kuvaka, mitemo yepamutemo nemitemo yeBenin.Vatauri veChinese vanotenda kuti nhaurirano dzakareba-kupfuura-nguva dzose dziri kubvumira vakuru veBenin kuti vatevedzere mitemo zvinobudirira.Kuongorora uku kunotarisa kuti nhaurirano dzakadaro dzinoshanda sei munyika chaiyo, apo vanhu veAfrica vasina kungoita zvakawanda zvekuzvisarudzira, asiwo vanozvishandisa nokuda kwesimba guru, pasinei neasymmetry muhukama neChina.
Vatungamiri vemabhizinesi emuAfrica vari kuita basa rakakosha mukudzika nekusimudzira hukama hwehupfumi pakati peBenin neChina, vachiona kuti makambani ekuChina handiwo ega anobatsirwa nekuita kwavo basa mukondinendi.Mhosva yenzvimbo yebhizinesi iyi inopa zvidzidzo zvakakosha kune vanotaurirana vemuAfrica vane chekuita nekutaurirana zvibvumirano zvekutengesa uye zvivakwa zvine chekuita neChina.
Mumakore achangopfuura, kutengeserana nekudyara kuyerera pakati peAfrica neChina kwakawedzera zvakanyanya.Kubva muna 2009, China ndiyo yanga iri mubatanidzwa mukuru weAfrica pakutengeserana pakati penyika mbiri idzi.3 Zvinoenderana neyakazvino Global Investment Report yeUnited Nations (UN) Musangano weKutengeserana neBudiriro, China ndiyo yechina mukudyara mari muAfrica (maererano neFDI) mushure meNetherlands, UK neFrance muna 20194. $35 bhiriyoni muna 2019. kusvika ku44 bhiriyoni muna 2019. 5
Nekudaro, idzi spikes mukutengeserana zviri pamutemo uye kuyerera kwekudyara hazvinyatso kuratidza chiyero, simba uye kumhanya kwekuwedzera hukama hwehupfumi pakati peChina neAfrica.Izvi zvinodaro nekuti hurumende nemabhizinesi ehurumende (SOEs), ayo anowanzo gamuchira kutariswa kwenhau zvisina mwero, handivo chete vatambi vari kutyaira maitiro aya.Muchokwadi, vatambi vari kuwedzera kuomarara muhukama hwebhizinesi hweSino-Africa vanosanganisira nhamba huru yevatambi veChinese neAfrica, kunyanya maSME.Ivo vanoshanda mune yakarongeka yakarongeka hupfumi pamwe nehafu-yakarongeka kana isina kurongeka marongero.Chikamu chechinangwa chekumisikidza nzvimbo dzebhizinesi dzehurumende kufambisa nekugadzirisa hukama hwebhizinesi uhu.
Kufanana nedzimwe nyika zhinji dzemuAfrica, hupfumi hweBenin hunoratidzwa nechikamu chakasimba chisina kurongeka.Kubva muna 2014, vashandi vangangosvika vasere pagumi vomunyika dziri kumaodzanyemba kweSahara muAfrica vakanga vari mu“basa rinotapukira,” maererano neInternational Labor Organization.6 Zvakadaro, maererano neongororo yeInternational Monetary Fund (IMF), kuita zvehupfumi zvisina kurongwa kunowanzo dzikamisa mutero munyika dzichiri kusimukira, idzo dzinoda mutero wakagadzikana.Izvi zvinoratidza kuti hurumende dzenyika idzi dzinofarira kuyera huwandu hwekuita kwehupfumi husina kurongeka nenzira kwayo uye kudzidza mafambiro kubva kune zvisiri pamutemo kuenda kuchikamu chepamutemo.7 Mukupedzisa, vatori vechikamu muhupfumi hwepamutemo uye husina kurongwa vari kudzamisa hukama hwebhizinesi pakati peAfrica neChina.Kungobatanidza basa rehurumende hakutsananguri ketani iyi yekuita.
Semuenzaniso, pamusoro pemabhizinesi makuru ehurumende yeChina ari kushanda muAfrica munzvimbo dzinobva kuvaka uye simba kusvika kune zvekurima nemafuta negasi, kune vamwe vatambi vanokosha vakati wandei.MaSOE epurovhinzi yeChina ndiwo akonzeresa, kunyangwe asina ropafadzo uye zvido zvakafanana nemaSOE makuru pasi pehutongi hwezviremera zvepakati muBeijing, kunyanya State Council Commission for Supervision and Management of State Assets.Nekudaro, vatambi vepurovhinzi ava vari kuwedzera kuwana chikamu chemusika mumaindasitiri akati wandei emuAfrica akadai semigodhi, mishonga, mafuta uye nharembozha.8 Kumafemu epurovhinzi aya, kudyidzana nedzimwe nyika yaive nzira yekudzivisa makwikwi kubva kumaSOE makuru epakati pemusika weChina, asi kupinda mumisika mitsva yemhiri kwemakungwa inzirawo yekusimudzira bhizinesi ravo.Aya mabhizinesi ehurumende anowanzo shanda akazvimirira, pasina chero yepakati kuronga inorairwa neBeijing.9
Kune vamwe vatambi vakakosha zvakare.Pamusoro pemabhizinesi ehurumende yeChina padanho repakati nerepurovhinzi, network hombe dzeChinese mabhizinesi akazvimirira anoshandawo muAfrica kuburikidza nesemi-formal kana zvisina kurongeka transnational network.Kumadokero kweAfrica, akawanda akagadzirwa mudunhu rese, aine akawanda munyika dzakaita seGhana, Mali, Nigeria neSenegal.10 Aya makambani eChinese akazvimiririra ari kuita basa rakakosha muhukama hwekutengeserana pakati peChina neAfrica.Pasinei nehukuru hwemakambani anobatanidzwa, ongororo dzakawanda uye zvirevo zvinowanzoratidza basa revatambi veChinese, kusanganisira makambani akazvimirira.Nekudaro, iyo yakazvimirira yega yeAfrica iri kushingaira kudzamisa network yehukama hwekutengeserana pakati penyika dzavo neChina.
Zvigadzirwa zveChinese, kunyanya machira, fenicha uye zvinhu zvevatengi, zvinowanika mumisika yemumaguta nemumaruwa yemuAfrica.Sezvo China yave mubatanidzwa mukuru weAfrica pakutengeserana, chikamu chemusika chezvigadzirwa izvi chapfuura zvishoma chezvigadzirwa zvakafanana munyika dzekuMadokero.gumi neimwe
Vakuru vemabhizimisi vemuAfrica vari kuita basa rakakosha mukugovewa kwezvinhu zveChina muAfrica.Sevatengesi uye vagovani pamatanho ese ezvekutengesa akakodzera, vanopa izvi zvigadzirwa zvevatengi kubva kumatunhu akasiyana eChina neHong Kong, uyezve kuburikidza neCotonou (Benin), Lomé (Togo), Dakar (kuSenegal) uye Accra (mu. Ghana).
Chiitiko ichi chakabatana nenhoroondo.Mumakore ekuma1960 nema1970, dzimwe nyika dzekumavirira kweAfrica mushure mekusununguka dzakatanga hukama hwekudyidzana nebato reCommunist People's Republic of China, uye zvinhu zvekuChina zvakadirana munyika apo chirongwa cheBeijing chekusimudzira budiriro mhiri kwemakungwa chakatanga.Zvinhu izvi zvagara zvichitengeswa mumisika yemuno uye mari inowaniswa inodzokororwa mumapurojekiti ebudiriro.13
Asi kunze kwemabhizimisi emuAfrica, vamwe vasiri vehurumende vemuAfrica vari kuitawo mabasa ehupfumi aya, kunyanya vadzidzi.Kubva kuma1970 nema1980, apo hukama hweChina nehurumende dzedzimwe nyika dzeWest Africa dzakaita kuti vadzidzi vemuAfrica vapihwe mabhezari kuti vadzidze kuChina, vamwe vemuAfrica vakapedza zvidzidzo izvi vakatanga mabhizimisi madiki anoendesa zvinhu zveChina kunyika dzavo. kuitira kubhadhara inflation yemuno..gumi neina
Asi kuwedzera kwekupinzwa kunze kwenyika kweChina muhupfumi hweAfrica kwakakanganisa zvakanyanya Africa inotaura chiFrench.Izvi zvakakonzerwa nekushanduka-shanduka kwehukoshi hweshanduro yeWest Africa yeCFA franc (inozivikanwawo seCFA franc), mari yedunhu yakajairika yakambobatiswa kuFrench franc (yave kubatanidzwa kueuro).1994 Mushure mekuderedzwa kweCommunity franc nehafu, mitengo yezvinhu zvevatengi vekuEurope zvakatengeswa kunze kwenyika nekuda kwekuderera kwemari yakawedzera zvakapetwa kaviri, uye zvinhu zvevatengi zveChinese zvakawedzera kukwikwidza.15 vanamuzvinabhizimusi vekuChina nevemuAfrica, kusanganisira makambani matsva, vakabatsirwa nemaitiro aya panguva iyi, vachiwedzera kudzamisa hukama hwekutengeserana pakati peChina neWest Africa.Zviitiko izvi zviri kubatsirawo mhuri dzemuAfrica kupa vatengi vemuAfrica huwandu hwakakura hwezvigadzirwa zvakagadzirwa neChina.Pakupedzisira, maitiro aya akawedzera huwandu hwekushandisa muWest Africa nhasi.
Ongororo yekudyidzana kwemabhizimisi pakati peChina nenyika dzakawanda dzekuWest Africa inoratidza kuti vemabhizimisi vemuAfrica vari kutsvaga musika wekutengesa zvinhu kubva kuChina, nekuti vanonyatsoziva misika yavo.Mohan naLampert vanocherekedza kuti "vanamuzvinabhizinesi vekuGhanaian neNigeria vari kuita basa rakananga mukukurudzira kuvepo kweChinese nekutenga zvinhu zvevatengi, pamwe nevadyidzani, vashandi, uye zvinhu kubva kuChina."munyika mbiri idzi.Rimwe danho rekubvisa mari ndere kuhaya vanamakanika vekuChina kuti vatarisire kugadzwa kwemichina uye kudzidzisa vanamakanika vemuno kushanda, kuchengetedza nekugadzirisa michina yakadai.Sezvakataurwa nemuongorori Mario Esteban, vamwe vatambi vemuAfrica "vari kushingaira kupinza vashandi vekuChina ...
Somuenzaniso, vanamuzvinabhizimisi vokuNigeria nevatungamiriri vebhizimisi vakavhura chitoro cheChinatown muguta guru reLagos kuitira kuti vabvakure vokuChina vaone Nigeria senzvimbo yokuitira bhizimisi.Sekureva kwaMohan naLampert, chinangwa chemubatanidzwa uyu "ndechekuita vanamuzvinabhizinesi vekuChina kuti vaenderere mberi nekuvhura mafekitori muLagos, nekudaro vachigadzira mabasa nekutsigira budiriro yehupfumi."Kufambira mberi.Dzimwe nyika dzeWest Africa dzinosanganisira Benin.
Benin, nyika inotaura chiFrench ine vanhu mamiriyoni 12.1, chiratidzo chakanaka chekufamba kuri kuramba kuchiwedzera kwekutengeserana pakati peChina neWest Africa.19 Nyika (yaimbonzi Dahomey) yakawana rusununguko kubva kuFrance muna 1960 ikazozununguka pakati pekucherechedzwa kwePeople's Republic of China neRepublic of China (Taiwan) kusvika kutanga kwema1970.Benin yakava People's Republic of China muna 1972 pasi peMutungamiri Mathieu Kerek, akatanga hudzvanyiriri hune macommunist nesocialist.Akaedza kudzidza kubva pane zvakaitika kuChina uye kutevedzera zvinhu zveChinese kumba.
Hukama hutsva hwakaropafadzwa neChina hwakavhura musika weBenin kuzvinhu zveChinese zvakaita sePhoenix mabhasikoro uye machira.20 vanamuzvinabhizimusi vekuChina vakatanga Textile Industry Association muna 1985 muguta reBenin reLokosa ndokupinda mukambani iyi.Vatengesi veBenin vanoendawo kuChina kunotenga zvimwe zvinhu, zvinosanganisira matoyi nemafirework, vodzoka nazvo kuBenin.21 Muna 2000, pasi peKreku, China yakatsiva France semubatanidzwa mukuru weBenin wekutengeserana.Hukama pakati peBenin neChina hwakavandudzika zvakanyanya muna 2004 China payakatsiva EU, ichisimbisa hutungamiriri hweChina semudyidzani mukuru wekutengeserana wenyika (ona Chati 1).makumi maviri nemaviri
Pamusoro pehukama hwepedyo hwezvematongerwo enyika, kufunga nezvehupfumi kunobatsirawo kutsanangura nzira dzekutengeserana dzakawedzerwa.Mutengo wakaderera wezvigadzirwa zveChinese unoita kuti zvinhu zvakaitwa muChina zvitaridzike kune vatengesi veBeninese kunyangwe mutengo wakakwira wekutengesa, unosanganisira kutumira uye mutero.23 China inopa vatengesi veBeninese zvigadzirwa zvakasiyana-siyana mumitengo yakasiyana-siyana uye inopa kukurumidza kugadziriswa kwemavhiza kune vatengesi veBeninese, kusiyana neEurope uko mavhiza ebhizinesi munharaunda yeSchengen ari nyore kune vatengesi veBeninese (nevamwe vemuAfrica) Zvakaoma kuwana.24 Nekuda kweizvozvo, China yave mutengesi anofarirwa kumakambani mazhinji eBeninese.Kutaura zvazviri, maererano nebvunzurudzo dzevanamuzvinabhizimisi veBenin nevaichimbova vadzidzi muChina, kurerukirwa kuri kuita bhizimisi neChina kwakaparira kuwedzera kwekambani yakazvimirira muBenin, zvichiita kuti vanhu vakawanda vapinde mumabasa oupfumi.25
Vadzidzi veBenin vari kutorawo chikamu, vachitora mukana wekutorwa kuri nyore kwemavhiza evadzidzi, kudzidza chiChinese, uye kuita sevaturikiri pakati peBenin nevemabhizimusi vekuChina (kusanganisira makambani emicheka) pakati peChina nekudzoka kweBenin.Kuvapo kwevashanduri vemutauro weBeninese ava kwakabatsira kubvisa zvishoma zvipingamupinyi zvemutauro zvinowanzovapo pakati pevaChina nevekune dzimwe nyika vanoita bhizimisi, kusanganisira muAfrica.Vadzidzi veBeninese vakashanda semubatanidzwa pakati pemabhizinesi emuAfrica neChina kubvira kutanga kwema1980, apo veBeninese, kunyanya vepakati, vakatanga kuwana mabhezari ekuti vadzidze kuChina pamwero mukuru.26
Vadzidzi vanokwanisa kutora mabasa akadaro, muchidimbu nekuti Embassy yeBenin muBeijing, kusiyana neChina Embassy muBenin, inonyanya kuumbwa nevamiriri uye nyanzvi dzehunyanzvi dzinonyanya kutungamira zvematongerwo enyika uye dzisingabatanidzi muhukama hwekutengeserana.27 Nekuda kweizvozvo, vadzidzi vazhinji vekuBeninese vanohaiwa nemabhizinesi emuno kuti vape zvisina kurongwa basa rekushandura uye bhizinesi muBenin, sekuziva uye kuongorora mafekitori eChinese, kufambisa kushanya kwesaiti, uye kuita hunyanzvi pazvinhu zvinotengwa kuChina.Vadzidzi veBenin vanopa masevhisi aya mumaguta akati wandei ekuChina anosanganisira Foshan, Guangzhou, Shantou, Shenzhen, Wenzhou, Xiamen neYiwu, uko kune vakawanda vemabhizinesi vemuAfrica vari kutsvaga zvese kubva kumidhudhudhu, zvemagetsi uye zvekuvakisa kusvika masiwiti nematoyi.Vatengesi vezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana.Uku kuungana kwevadzidzi veBeninese kwakavakawo mabhiriji pakati pevanamuzvinabhizinesi vekuChina nevamwe vanamuzvinabhizinesi vekuWest neCentral Africa, kusanganisira Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Nigeria neTogo, sekureva kwevaimbova vadzidzi vakabvunzurudzwa zvakasiyana pakudzidza uku.
Mumakore ekuma1980 nema1990, hukama hwekutengeserana nekutengeserana pakati peChina neBenin hwakanyanya kurongeka nenzira mbiri dzakafanana: hukama hwehurumende uye huri pamutemo uye hukama husina kurongwa hwebhizimisi-kune-bhizimisi kana hukama-kune-vatengi.Vakapindura kubva kuBenin National Council of Employers (Conseil National du Patronat Beninois) vakati makambani eBenin asina kunyoreswa neBenin Chamber of Commerce and Industry akabatsirwa zvakanyanya nekukura hukama neChina kuburikidza nekutenga zvakananga zvekuvaka nezvimwe zvinhu.29 Hukama hwekutanga uhwu pakati pechikamu chebhizinesi reBenin nevatambi vekuChina hwakagadziridzwa kubva pakatanga China kutsigira mapurojekiti makuru ehurumende muguta guru rehupfumi reBenin, Cotonou.Kuzivikanwa kwemapurojekiti makuru ekuvaka aya (zvivakwa zvehurumende, nzvimbo dzemagungano, nezvimwewo) kwakawedzera kufarira kwemakambani eBeninese mukutenga zvinhu zvekuvaka kubva kune vatengesi vekuChina.makumi matatu
Pakazosvika makore ekuma1990 uye kutanga kwa2000 muWest Africa, kutengeserana kusiri pamutemo uye kusiri pamutemo kwakatsigirwa nekukura kwenzvimbo dzekutengesa dzekuChina, kusanganisira muBenin.Nzvimbo dzekutengesa dzakatangwa nevatengesi vemuno dzakatangawo mumaguta makuru edzimwe nyika dzeWest Africa dzakaita seNigeria.Aya mahubhu akabatsira mhuri dzemuAfrica nemabhizinesi kuwedzera kugona kwavo kutenga zvinhu zveChinese zvakawanda uye zvakagonesa dzimwe hurumende dzeAfrica kuronga zvirinani uye kutonga hukama hwekutengeserana uhwu, hwakaparadzaniswa nehukama hwehupfumi uye hwekudyidzana.
Benin haina kudaro.Akagadzirawo masangano matsva ekuronga zvirinani uye kutonga hukama hwebhizinesi neChina.Muenzaniso wakanaka ndeweCentre Chinois de Développement Economique et Commercial au Benin, yakavambwa muna 2008 munzvimbo huru yebhizinesi yeGancy, Cotonou, padyo nechiteshi chengarava.Nzvimbo iyi, inozivikanwawo seChina Business Center Benin Center, yakavambwa sechikamu chekudyidzana pakati penyika mbiri idzi.
Kunyange zvazvo kuvaka hakuna kupera kusvika 2008, makore gumi apfuura, panguva yemutungamiri weKrekou, chibvumirano chekutanga chekunzwisisa chakasainwa muBeijing muna Ndira 1998, ichitaura nezvechinangwa chekutanga muzinda webhizinesi wekuChina muBenin.31 Chinangwa chikuru cheCentre kusimudzira kudyidzana kwehupfumi uye bhizinesi pakati pemasangano eChinese neBenin.Nzvimbo iyi yakavakirwa pa9700 square metres yenyika uye inovhara nzvimbo ye4000 square metres.Mari yekuvaka yeUS$6.3 miriyoni yakavharwa nemari yakasanganiswa yakarongwa nehurumende yeChina neprovince Teams International muNingbo, Zhejiang.Pakazere, 60% yemari inobva kune zvipo, uye 40% yasara inotsigirwa nezvikwata zvepasi rose.32 The Center yakavambwa pasi pechibvumirano cheBuild-Operate-Transfer (BOT) chaisanganisira chibvumirano chemakore makumi mashanu kubva kuHurumende yeBenin chakaitwa neTeams International, mushure mezvo zvivakwa zvaizoendeswa kukutonga kweBenin.33
Pakutanga yakakurudzirwa nemumiriri weChina Embassy muBenin, chirongwa ichi chaiitirwa kuti ive nzvimbo inotarisisa mabhizinesi eBenin anofarira kuita bhizinesi neChina.34 Maererano navo, nzvimbo yebhizimisi ichapa vamiririri veBeninese neChina makambani ane nzvimbo yepakati yekuwedzera kutengeserana, izvo zvinogona kupedzisira zvichiita kuti mamwe mabhizimisi asina kurongeka anyoreswe zviri pamutemo neBeninese Chamber of Commerce and Industry.Asi kunze kwekuve nzvimbo yebhizinesi-imwe chete, nzvimbo yebhizinesi ichashanda zvakare sechinhu chinobatanidza zvakasiyana-siyana zvekusimudzira kutengeserana uye zviitiko zvekusimudzira bhizinesi.Iine chinangwa chekusimudzira kudyara, kupinza, kutumira kunze kwenyika, kufambiswa uye zviitwa zvefranchise, kuronga zviratidziro uye mabhizinesi epasi rose, matura ezvitoro zveChinese zvigadzirwa, uye kuraira makambani eChinese anofarira kubhidha mapurojekiti ezvivakwa zvemudhorobha, mabhizinesi ekurima uye mapurojekiti ane chekuita nebasa.
Asi nepo mutambi weChinese angave akauya nenzvimbo yekutengeserana, handiko kupera kwenyaya.Nhaurirano dzakatora nguva yakareba kupfuura yaitarisirwa sezvo mutambi weBeninese aiisa tarisiro, akaita zvaaida uye akasundira zvibvumirano zvakaoma izvo vatambi veChinese vaifanira kugadzirisa.Nzendo dzemumunda, kubvunzurudza uye magwaro anokosha emukati anogadzirisa nhanho yenhaurirano uye kuti vatungamiri veBenin vanogona sei kuita sevamiriri uye kunyengetedza vatambi vechiChinese kuti vaenderane nemitemo yemunharaunda nemitemo yezvokutengeserana, zvichipiwa hukama hwenyika husina kufanana neChina yakasimba.35
Kudyidzana kweSino-Africa kunowanzo zivikanwa nekukurumidza kutaurirana, kupedzisa uye kuita zvibvumirano.Vatsoropodzi vanopikisa kuti iyi nzira yakakurumidza yakakonzera kuderera kwehutano hwezvivakwa.36 Kusiyana neizvi, nhaurirano dzemuBenin dzeChina Business Center muCotonou dzakaratidza kuti boka revakuru rakanyatsorongeka kubva muhushumiri hwakasiyana rinogona kubudirira sei.Ikoku ndokwechokwadi zvikurukuru pavanenge vachisunda hurukuro kupfurikidza nokuomerera pakuderera.Bvunza nevamiriri vemadhipatimendi akasiyana-siyana ehurumende, ipa mhinduro dzekugadzira zvivakwa zvemhando yepamusoro uye ive nechokwadi chekuteedzera chivakwa chenzvimbo, vashandi, zvakatipoteredza uye bhizinesi zviyero nemakodhi.
Muna April 2000, mumwe mumiririri wokuChina aibva kuNingbo akasvika muBenin ndokugadzira hofisi yepurojekiti yenzvimbo yokuvaka.Mapato akatanga nhaurirano dzekutanga.Rutivi rweBenin runosanganisira vamiriri veBumbiro reKuvaka reBazi Rezvakatipoteredza, Dzimba uye Kuronga Kwemaguta (vakagadzwa kuti vatungamire boka rehurumende yeBenin rekuronga maguta), Bazi rezvekune dzimwe nyika, Bazi reKuronga nekusimudzira, Bazi reIndasitiri uye. Trade uye Ministry of Economy and Finance.Vapinda munhaurirano neChina vanosanganisira Mumiriri weChina kuBenin, director weNingbo Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation Bureau, uye vamiriri veboka repasi rose.37 Muna Kurume 2002, imwe nhumwa yeNingbo yakasvika muBenin ikasaina memorandamu neBenin Ministry of Industry.Bhizinesi: Gwaro rinoratidza nzvimbo yenzvimbo yebhizinesi remangwana.38 Muna Kubvumbi 2004, Minister of Trade and Industry of Benin akashanyira Ningbo ndokusaina memorandamu yekunzwisisa, kutanga denderedzwa rinotevera renhaurirano.39
Mushure mekunge nhaurirano dzenzvimbo yebhizinesi dzatanga, vatauri vekuChina vakaendesa kondirakiti yeBOT kuhurumende yeBenin muna Kukadzi 2006. 40 Asi kunyatsotarisisa kunyorwa kwekutanga kunoratidza.Ongororo yemagwaro eiyi gwaro rekutanga (muFrench) inoratidza kuti chinzvimbo chekutanga chevatauri veChinese (iyo divi reBeninese rakazoedza kushandura) yaive nechibvumirano chisina kujeka maererano nekuvaka, kushanda uye kutamiswa kweChinese bhizinesi centre, pamwe chete zvipimo zvine chekuita nemabatirwo avanoda uye zvinokurudzirwa mutero.41
Zvakakosha kucherechedza pfungwa shomanana dzine chokuita nechikamu chekuvaka mupurojekiti yekutanga.Vamwe vanozokumbira Benin kuti ibvise “mafizi” vasingataure kuti marii iwayo.42 Rutivi rweChinese rwakakumbirawo "kugadzirisa" mubhadharo wevashandi veBeninese neChinese mubasa, asi havana kutsanangura huwandu hwekugadzirisa. zvidzidzo zvinoitiswa chete nedivi reChinese, zvichiona kuti vamiriri veResearch bureaus (research bureaus) vanoita zvidzidzo zvinokanganisa.44 Mashoko asina kujeka echibvumirano haanawo rudungwe rwechikamu chekuvaka.Semuenzaniso, imwe ndima yakataura zvakajairika kuti "China ichapa mhinduro zvichienderana nemhedzisiro yezvidzidzo zvehunyanzvi", asi haina kutaura kuti izvi zvichaitika rinhi.45 Saizvozvo, zvinyorwa zvekunyora hazvitaure nezvekuchengetedza mapuroteni evashandi veko muBenin.
Muchikamu chekunyorwa chezviitwa zvepakati, pakati pezvisungo zvakatsanangurwa nedivi reChinese, pane zvakare zvakajairwa uye zvisina kujeka zviga.Vatauriri veChinese vakakumbira kuti vashandi vebhizimisi vekuChina vanoshanda munzvimbo yebhizimisi vabvumirwe kutengesa zvinhu zvekutengesa uye zvekutengesa kwete pakati pepakati pachayo, asiwo mumisika yemunharaunda yeBenin.46 Ichi chinodiwa chinopesana nezvinangwa zveCentre.Mabhizinesi anopa zvinhu zvekutengesa izvo mabhizinesi eBeninese anogona kutenga kubva kuChina uye kutengesa zvakanyanya sezvinhu zvekutengesa muBenin nekuWest Africa yese.47 Pasi pemitemo yakarongwa iyi, muzinda waizobvumirawo mapato eChina kupa "mamwe mabasa ekutengeserana," pasina kutsanangura kuti ndeapi.48
Zvimwe zvisungo zvegwaro rekutanga zvanga zvakarerekera.Gwaro iri rinokurudzira, pasina kutsanangura zvinorehwa nechirongwa ichi, kuti vanobata muBenin havatenderwe kutora "chero danho rerusarura paCentre", asi zvisungo zvaro zvinoita sezvinobvumira kungwara kukuru, kureva "kusvika pamwero mukuru unobvira".Edza kupa mabasa kuvagari vemo muBenin, asi haana kupa udzame hwekuti izvi zvaizoitwa sei chaizvo.49
China's Contracting Mapato akaitawo chaiwo exemption zvinodiwa.Ndima iyi inoda kuti "Bato reBenin haribvumire chero rimwe bato rezvematongerwo enyika reChinese kana nyika iri mudunhu (West Africa) kuti itange nzvimbo yakafanana muguta reCotonou kwemakore makumi matatu kubva pazuva rakatanga kushanda.“50 ine mazwi anokahadzika anoratidza kuti vari kuChina vari kuyedza kumisa makwikwi kubva kune vamwe vatambi vekunze nevamwe vekuChina.Kusarudzika kwakadaro kunoratidza kuti makambani ekuChina epurovhinzi anoedza sei kukwikwidza nemamwe makambani, kusanganisira mamwe makambani ekuChina51, nekuwana bhizinesi rakasarudzika, rakasarudzika.
Sezvinei nemamiriro ekuvaka nekushanda kweCentre, mamiriro ane chekuita nekuchinjirwa kweprojekiti kukutonga kweBenin inoda kuti Benin itakure zvese zvinoenderana nemari uye mari, kusanganisira muripo wemagweta uye zvimwe zvinodhura.52
Chibvumirano chekunyorwa chinosanganisirawo akati wandei akatsanangurwa neChina maererano nezvikumbiro zvekurapa.Imwe hurongwa, semuenzaniso, yakatsvaga kuchengetedza nzvimbo kunze kweCotonou, inonzi Gboje, yekuvaka dzimba dzekuchengetera makambani eChinese akabatana neiyo mall kuti achengete zvinhu.53 Vatauri veChina vakakumbirawo kuti vashandi vekuChina vapihwe mvumo.54 Kana vatauri veBeninese vakabvuma chirevo ichi vobva vachinja pfungwa dzavo, Benin ichamanikidzwa kuripa maChina pakurasikirwa kwavo.
Pakati pemitero nemabhenefiti anopihwa, vatauri veChinese vari kudawo mazwi akareruka kupfuura anotenderwa nemutemo wenyika yeBenin, vachida kupihwa mvumo yemotokari, kudzidziswa, zvisimbiso zvekunyoresa, mubhadharo wekutungamira uye masevhisi ehunyanzvi, uye mihoro yeBenin.Vashandi veChinese uye vashandi venzvimbo yebhizinesi.55 Vatauri veChina vakadaidzirawo kusabhadhariswa mutero papurofiti yemakambani ekuChina anoshanda pakati, kusvika pasirin'i isina kutaurwa, zvekuchengetedza nekugadzirisa muzinda, uye mishandirapamwe yekushambadzira nekushambadzira kusimudzira zviitiko zvemuzinda.56
Sezvinoratidzwa izvi, vatauri veChinese vakaita zvakati wandei, kazhinji mune zvisina kujeka mazwi, zvine chinangwa chekuwedzera chinzvimbo chavo chekutaurirana.
Mushure mekugamuchira zvibvumirano zvekunyorwa kubva kune vamwe vavo vekuChina, vatauri veBeninese vakatanga zvakare kunyatso uye nekushanda kwevakawanda vatori vechikamu chidzidzo, izvo zvakakonzera shanduko huru.Muna 2006, zvakasarudzwa kudoma makurukota anomiririra hurumende yeBenin kuti aongorore uye agadzirise zvibvumirano zvezvivakwa zvemadhorobha uye kuongorora mamiriro ezvibvumirano zvakadaro mukubatana nemamwe makurukota akakodzera.57 Pachibvumirano ichi, shumiro huru yeBenin iri kutora chikamu iBazi Rezvakatipoteredza, Habitat neUrban Planning senzvimbo yakatarisana nekuongorora zvibvumirano nemamwe hushumiri.
Muna Kurume 2006, Ministry yakaronga musangano wenhaurirano kuLokossa, ichikoka akati wandei makurukota58 kuti aongorore uye akurukure nezve chirongwa ichi, kusanganisira Bazi rekutengeserana neindasitiri, Ministry of Labor and Social Services, Ministry of Justice and Legislation, the General Directorate of Economics and Finance, bhajeti mabasa Directorate General uye Ministry of Interior uye Public Security.59 Tichifunga kuti gwaro remutemo rinogona kukanganisa zvese zvehupenyu hwehupfumi nezvematongerwo enyika muBenin (kusanganisira kuvaka, nharaunda yebhizinesi uye mutero, zvichingodaro), vamiriri vehushumiri hwega hwega vane mukana wakarongeka wekuongorora zvakatemwa zvinoenderana nezviripo. muzvikamu zvavo uye kunyatsoongorora zviga zvakakurudzirwa neChina Dhigirii rekuteedzera mirau yemuno, makodhi uye maitiro.
Kudzokera kuLokas uku kunopa vatauri veBeninese nguva uye chinhambwe kubva kune vamwe vavo vekuChina, pamwe nekumanikidza kwavangave vari pasi.Vamiriri veBazi reBeninese vaivepo pamusangano uyu vakaronga zvigadziriso zvakati kuti pachibvumirano chekunyorwa kuti vaone kuti zvisungo zvekondirakiti yacho zvinoenderana nemirairo nemitemo yeBeninese.Nekusimudzira hunyanzvi hwemasevhisi ese aya, pane kubvumidza sangano rimwechete kutonga nekuraira, vakuru veBenin vakakwanisa kuchengetedza kubatana uye kusundira vamwe vavo vekuChina kuti vagadzirise zvinoenderana muchikamu chinotevera chenhaurirano.
Maererano nevakurukuri veBeninese, chikamu chakatevera chehurukuro nevamwe vavo vekuChina muna Kubvumbi 2006 chakatora "mazuva neusiku" matatu mberi nekudzoka.60 vekuChina vanotaurirana vakasimbirira kuti nzvimbo iyi ive nzvimbo yekutengesa.(kwete chete zvekutengesa) zvinhu, asi Bazi reBenin reIndasitiri uye Trade rakaramba izvi uye rakadzokorora kuti zvakanga zvisingabvumirwi nemutemo.
Pakazere, boka renyika dzakawanda reBenin renyanzvi dzehurumende rakagonesa vatauri vayo kuti vape kune vamwe vavo vekuChina chibvumirano chitsva chinowirirana nemitemo nemirairo yeBenin.Kubatana uye kurongeka kwehurumende yeBeninese kwakaomesera kuyedza kweChina kupatsanura nekutonga nekuisa zvikamu zvevakuru veBeninese kune mumwe nemumwe, kumanikidza vamwe vavo vekuChina kuti vabvumirane uye vatevedzere tsika nemaitiro ebhizinesi.Vatauri veBenin vakabatana nemutungamiri wenyika kuti vawedzere hukama hwehupfumi hweBenin neChina uye kugadzirisa hukama pakati pezvikamu zvakazvimiririra zvenyika mbiri idzi.Asi vakakwanisawo kuchengetedza musika wemuno weBenin kubva kumafashama ezvigadzirwa zvekutengesa zveChinese.Izvi zvakakosha sezvo kukwikwidzana kwakanyanya pakati pevagadziri vemuno nevakwikwidzi vekuChina kwatanga kuparira kushorwa kwekutengeserana neChina kubva kune vatengesi vekuBeninese vanoshanda mumisika mikuru yakaita seDuntop Market, imwe yemisika mikuru yakavhurika yeWest Africa.61
Kudzokera kumashure kunobatanidza hurumende yeBenin uye kunobatsira vakuru veBenin kuti vawane danho rekutaurirana iro China yaifanira kugadzirisa.Nhaurirano idzi dzinobatsira kuratidza kuti nyika diki ingataurirana sei nemasimba makuru seChina kana akanyatso kurongeka uye achiitwa.
Nguva yekutumira: Oct-18-2022